Psychological Perspectives in Health and Social Care

Psychological Perspectives in Health and Social Care Behaviourist theories might say Katya has turned out the way she has due to the way she has been treated by her father. Katya did not get the love or attention she needed as a child, and because of this when her father sexually abused her, she saw it as a reward by showing her love. Her father also had a drug problem, and as a reward could have possibly given them to her, and is why she deals class A drugs. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist came up with the classical conditioning theory. This involves putting an unconditioned response with a conditioned stimulus, which is the new learnt behaviour from putting the response and stimulus together. As Katya has been sexually abused at such a young age, she thinks that being sexually active is a normal thing to do at her age. This possibly has lead her to become a prostitute, which is extremely dangerous fro a girl of her age, due to catching STDs and not knowing the people she is sleeping with. Katya has never gone past the psychosexual stage of the 3-5 year olds. This is when children start to realise about sex. During peoples life stages, there are different psychosexual stages they go through. If they dont go through those stages, problems will occur in a change in personality. Sigmund Freud came up with this theory. He believed the mind can be divided into 2 main parts; the conscious mind, which is everything we are aware of, and memory is a part of this as we can retrieve information once it is made aware of again. This is also known as the preconscious mind is unpleasant, such as feelings, thoughts, urges. Most of the unconscious mind is unpleasant, such as feeling of pai n, conflict, anxiety. It influences behaviour even though we are unaware of it. Erik Erikson agreed with Freuds theory, but Erikson also believed that we move through a series of psychosocial crises with a different social focus at each stage, e.g. between the age of 0-1 the life crisis concerns developing thrust or mistrust in self or others. The social focus in this stage is the mother. The biological approach can make us understand how Katya has developed due to the environment she has been brought up in, (nurture) and her genes/behaviour (nature). Nature may have made Katya the way she is from the genes that have been passed on to her. Therefore, Katya may have got her fathers tendencies towards drinking and drug taking. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) believed children went through development norms, which meant at a certain age they should be able to learn and understand certain things. Nurture could have influenced the way Katya behaves, as she does not really understand about certain things in life from not being told by role models, e.g. father, and does not know what her boundaries are. She also has not had any proper love, so that has leaded her to do other things, and from seeing what her father does, influences her to do things she should not. Task 2 The Social Learning Theory was developed by an American psychologist called Albert Bandura. He recognised that we learn things by observing people, also known as observational learning. Katyas assessment will be based on the impact in has on her life. Katyas emotional development has been because of seeing what her father has done to her as a child. Her father has been violent, and has locked her in the bathroom, so has not had good visible care, and does not understand how important it is and reacts against what people see. This is because she has seen her father act in this way and has copied him, as she sees him as a role model. For Katyas care plan, it would involve looking at different role models, as it can affect behaviour, as shown by Katya. In health and social care provisions, in order to promote anti-discrimination practices and behaviour, messages must be put forward which maximise attention. This can be done by using positive images, for example, people we admire like celebrities with messages which help promote anti discriminatory behaviour, so we copy what they do. The humanistic approach focuses on the idea of free will and the belief that we are capable of making choices. The 2 psychologists that approached this theory were Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow believed that every human being require certain basic needs before they can approach the next level. This can be shown on the hierarchy of needs. Firstly, basic physical needs have to be met before progressing further, for example, food and water, well housed, and once those have been met, we then focus on our emotional needs. These are things such as feeling loved, high self-esteem and feeling or belong. Once all the needs are met, we strive to self actualise, which means reaching full potential in life. Carl Rogers was more interested in the concept of self. This is how we view ourselves. If children get praised, encouraged to succeed, and told they are valued, their self-concept will be positive and see themselves as someone who is worthwhile and competent. If they are told they are naughty or no good, it will have a negative affect and will affect part of their self-concept aspects. For Kaytas assessment, the humanistic approach can be applied on how it affects her life. Katya got treated badly as a child, making her feel not wanted by her father and un-loved. He would often shout violently at her, and if she cried or complained, and once Katyas father calmed down he would sexually abuse them. This will affect her self-concept as she has not been valued enough, and also it has affected her self-esteem as she has not had the love from others and does not know how to look after her appearance due to not being taught. On Maslows hierarchy of needs, Katya has not been able to progress further from the basic physical needs. This is because she has not been cared from properly, and is unable to move to the safety and security needs due to her father not being there for her. The humanistic approach can be applied for to health and social care provisions to help the problem. Unconditioned positive regard refers to a totally judgemental way of being with or viewing a client. The therapist supports clients feelings, beliefs and emotions un-conditioning. This means without judging whether their emotions are good or bad. Empathy is also used in helping others. It requires care workers to listen to clients, and respect them for whom they are and any emotions they have had to deal with. Jean Piaget came up with the cognitive theory, saying that cognition develops through a series of stages building on the previous stage, and so on. He believed we can only achieve certain things in certain stages in life, for example, a baby is only able to experience the world through sense perceptions (smell, touch, sight) and motor activity. This will then develop into the next stage which involves language, memory and thought and so on. For Katyas assessment, this theory has an impact on her life as she grew up to fast. This means that she has to cope with things at a certain age which her brain could not deal with. Am example of this would be her fathers behaviour towards Katya, not allowed to have any creative play by making things or decorating a dolls face and playing with its hair. In health and social care provisions, keeping a diary or record of negative thoughts and feelings can help to identify why they are feeling like the way they are. By identifying why they are feeling like that, care workers can help support the individuals through their problem. Task 3 The psychological perspectives I have chosen to analyse are the behavioural theory, biological theory and social learning theory. I have chosen these theories because they apply more for the way Katya is behaving. Psychological Perspectives Katyas Challenging Behaviour Behaviourist Theory Ivan Pavlov-reward good behaviour Ignore her bad behaviour that she shows. Is used to being rewarded for bad behaviour so when shouts and screams walk away. Make sticker reward chart, so when Katya shows good behaviour gets a sticker and when completes chart gets a reward, e.g. money. Biological Theory Arnold Gesell Nature/Nurture Katya may possibly be more sensitive to drugs because if her mum took drugs whilst she was pregnant with Katya, she may have been born a crack baby Could put Katya into rehab to get her weaned of the drugs and alcohol. Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura Observational Learning Remove or separate Katya away from those who are a bad influence towards her, e.g. father. This is the responsibility of a social worker. Arrange for Katya to see/meet a person who experienced and went through the same issues as her, and speak to her about how they have dealt with it and how they have turned out today- can be seen as a role model for Katya to help her deal with the problem she went through Health and Social care organisations can help Katyas behaviour through different types of therapies. The therapies that will help Katya come under the Psychodynamic theory (child psychotherapist), humanistic theory (child therapist), and cognitive theory (CBT-cognitive behavioural therapy). Psychological Therapies How it will help Katya Psychodynamic theory Child psychotherapist Help her to manage her difficulties with behaviour Help Katya develop new skills Help resolve her issue that she has dealt with Boost communication skills Lets her play and do activities and then once comfortable help her problems Humanistic theory Child Therapist Form strong relationships with the therapist- mode of communication and type of relationship facilitates change and growth in children experiencing emotional distress http://www.bapt.info/playtherapycareers.htm Cognitive Theory CBT Helps Katya make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts Focuses on the cause of her distress or symptoms in the past, it looks for ways to improve her state of mind now. Identify Katyas individual patterns of thoughts, emotions, bodily feelings and actions and keep a diary record Help Katya to work out how to change her unhelpful thoughts and behaviours Helps Katya to replace unhappy thoughts with positive thoughts

Back to School Speech by Obama Essay

This essay is about President Barack Obama’s speech â€Å" Back to school â€Å" which he held September 8th 2009 at the Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia. The overall message in the speech is whether young people are taking school serious and understand the importance of hard work. Not only for themselves but also for the future of the country. â€Å"Hello everyone – how’s everybody doing today? I’m here with students at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia.† I know that for many of you, today is the first day of school. And for those of you in kindergarten, or starting middle or high school, it’s your first day in a new school, so it’s understandable if you’re a little nervous.† Obama is starting out by addressing his audience like a father figure, trying to reach all realities in the audience by mentioning all the grades. He is making himself real to the audience, presenting himself as a guy who is down to earth. â€Å"Some of you are probably wishing it were still summer, and you could’ve stayed in bed just a little longer this morning† And already in line 10 â€Å"I know that feeling†. He is referring to his own life. He is explaining how he had to get up 4.30 every morning to study with his mom, and how he wasn’t too happy getting up that early. Here he is making himself real to the audience, explaining something from his childhood that they will understand. So here he is using pathos appealing to the feelings. From line 20, it’s like he is changing from being the friend of the audience to his role as the president of the United States again.â€Å" But I’m here today because I have something important to discuss with you.† From line 25, 30 and 35 he is revealing the essence of his speech. His message is that it is ones own commitment and hard work that will make one succeed in life. â€Å"You can have the most dedicated teachers and supportive parents, but unless you individually takes responsibility nothing of this is very helpful.† In line 40 and 50 he is more friendly againâ€Å" Every single one of you has something you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer. † He is motivating the audience by saying that every person has something that they’re good at, that everyone has a important role In the American society. Obama is also very good at mentioning things many people can relate to in his speech. â€Å"Maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone. â€Å" Here he is mentioning the iphone that most children can relate to. From line 50 to 75 he talks more about morals again. He is very seriously talking about how everyone needs to have an education to get a job, and how it takes hard work. More important in Obama’s speech is that your education not only decides ones own future, but ones country’s future. Obama is really good to alternate between being judgmental and understanding through the speech, for example in the line â€Å" Every single one of you has something you’re good at. Every single one of you has something to offer.† He is very understanding and encouraging to the people, before he with this sentences; â€Å" If you don’t do that – if you quit on school – you’re not just quitting on yourself, you’re quitting on your country. Is being very judgmental. From line 75 to 85 Obama is again being more understanding. Obama explains his personal difficulties from his own childhood, and that he understands school isn’t always easy. Obama explains how his father left the family when he was 2 years old, and that he was raised by a single mother without much money. â€Å"There were times when I missed having a father in my life. There were times when I was lonely and felt like I didn’t fit in.† Obama then talks about how he through hard work was fortunate to go to college and follow his dream, to attempt law school. In this part of the speech Obama is using ethos. He is trying to be trustworthy. From line 95 Obama again set himself up as the country father. He explains that there is no excuse for having a bad attitude and also no excuse for not trying hard and giving your best towards education. From line 100â€Å" Where you are right now doesn’t have to determine where you’ll end up. No one’s written your destiny for you.† Obama is referring to the American dream. Mentioning personal freedom and responsibility for ones own destiny. He explains that with hard work you can accomplish everything you want, no matter background or social rank. From the line 105 – 110 – 115 Obama is stressing his statement by giving some concrete examples about how real people with all sorts of difficulties, made it through hard work and determination. This is an example of logos, because he is giving concrete examples that are supportive to the message of the speech. From line 170 he is again referring to the American dream. â€Å"The story of America isn’t about people who quit when things got tough. It’s about people who kept going, who tried harder, who loved their country too much to do anything less than their best. â€Å" At the end of the speech from line 175 to 185 Obama is talking about America as a culture surviving through many decades.â€Å" It’s the story of students who sat where you sit 250 years ago, and went on to wage a revolution and found this nation â€Å" Obama ask the audiences what they will do to pass on the American culture, and what people in about 50 years will remember from this time. And so he puts some positive pressure on the kids, hoping to get them to understand their responsibility to secure the American dream and culture in the future.

Katrina Possisble Solutions

Possible Solutions to prevent another Hurricane Katrina Sea gates are another option that have proven very affective in other areas of the world such as Holland, Britain, and Venice, which is also below sea level and has a large number of canals. Sea gates are simply giant air-filled walls that cut off water flow. These gates would most likely be placed on Lake Pontchartrain’s two narrow outlets and would be only be closed if a storm was approaching.Such structures have been considered since the 1960’s, but the idea was crushed in the late 1970’s because people feared the gates would disrupt marine life and sediment transportation. However this should not be an issue since the gates are open the majority of the time. The main hurdle is cost, ranging from $500 million to 1 billion Closing or covering certain canals is an option that would help prevent storm surges from reaching so far inland. Currently canals and channels can give storm surge direct access to inla nd neighborhoods.The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet [MRGO] is one of the canals that has caused major problems in the past. Where MRGO meets the Intracoastal Waterway there is a major area of funneling. The two fronts met at a narrowing point that forms the Industrial Canal and the water height is amplified 20-40%, putting intense pressure on floodwalls causing them to burst. After Hurricane Katrina hit the narrow strip of wetlands between MRGO and Lake Borgne got even smaller, bringing to reality the fear that the two waters might merge into one.MRGO has less than five ships navigating its channel per day; often times only one ship uses the outlet. MRGO has also amplified the wetland loss in the area, allowing salt water to intrude and kill off native vegetation. By keeping only heavily used channels open and turning the rest into trails or parks, flood damage could be reduced. Adding a subterranean drainage system to the city is another idea that engineers have come up with. This w ould include turning some canals into culverts (covering them with trails and parks) and then having heavy duty pumps (located on high ground) to pump the water fully out of the city.The culverts would help channel the water and get it out quickly in times of flood. This is a simple technology, but it is costly running about $1 million per mile of canal. Moving the pumping stations is a relatively simple way to help prevent New Orleans from being overwhelmed. Installing heavy-duty pumping stations on high ground or in areas where they can act as damn-like buffers would allow water to be pumped out even when the city is overwhelmed.During Hurricane Katrina, once the pumping stations were flooded the low areas just continued to rise in water level. Wetland rehabilitation is another plan that could help protect New Orleans from storm surge. Wetlands act as natural barriers against wind-driven waters, but wetlands are being destroyed by saltwater intrusion everyday. Hand planting is ver y costly and time consuming, making it hard to implement. Source: http://www. uwec. edu/jolhm/eh3/group7/futureneworleans. htm

The World Trade Organisation International Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1463 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The WTO came into existence on 1 January 1995 after agreements negotiated during the Uruguay Rounds (1986 1994) of the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT), the predecessor of the WTO. The WTO is the international body which deals with the universal trading rules between countries. The organisations main function is that of ensuring, as far as possible, the smooth, predictable and free running of trade between nations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The World Trade Organisation International Law" essay for you Create order The WTO handles a series of agreements on trade, agriculture, services, intellectual property rights and other issues. Structure The WTO has 153 members around the world while 30 countries are negotiating membership. Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all members and they are ratified by members parliaments. The WTO also provides for a dispute settlement process which is focused on interpreting agreements and commitments and ensuring that countries trade policies conform to them. The Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation is the top level decision making body which usually meets at least once every two years. Then comes the General Council which meets several times a year in the Geneva headquarters. At the next level, the Goods Council, Services Council and the Intellectual Property Council report to the General Council. Agreements Through various negotiations between its members over the years, the WTO has come up with many agr eements on all fronts of world trade. One of the major negotiations on trade came through the 1986-94 Uruguay Rounds whereby there was a restructuring of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Uruguay Rounds led to agreements on the trade of goods and services, intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy review. These agreements are guidelines for members to know their privileges and responsibilities in view of operating in an even-handed trading system. Imports and exports of each country are intended to be treated in a reasonable and consistent manner on the world market. In addition, the trading system is intended to be flexible with regards to the developing countries execution of their obligations. Agreement on Goods From 1947 to 1994, negotiations on lower custom duty rates and other trade barriers were made under the GATT. From 1995 onwards, the WTO dealt with more specific sectors of trade like agriculture and more specific problems such as dumping. Agreement on Services Under the new General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), members enjoy fair trade in services on banking and insurance, telecommunication, hotel and transport. Agreement on Intellectual Property The Intellectual Property Agreement governs how copyrights, trademarks, designs, patents and geographical names should be protected during trade between members. Agreement on Dispute Settlement Members can bring cases to the WTO in the event that any country breaches the rules of an agreement. The resolving of disputes under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is very important so as to implement the rules and to ensure the smooth flow of world trade. Independent experts make judgements based on the guidelines of the agreement and each countrys obligation. Agreement on Trade Policy Review The Trade Policy Review Mechanism aim is provide a better understanding about the policies that are being adopted. The mechanism also assesses the impact of adopting such policies. Agricultural Agreement The Agricultural Agreement of the WTO came into existence following the setting up of the WTO on 1 January 1995. This agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Rounds of the GATT. The preamble to the Agreement recognizes that the agreed long-term objective of the reform process initiated by the Uruguay Round reform programme is to establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system. (The WTO agreements series: Agriculture, 2003) The Agricultural Agreement is made up of three main components: Market Access Domestic Support Export Subsidies Market Access The main objectives of this market access area are to: Ensure that the access conditions prevailing in the agricultural trade are more apparent, reasonable and predictive. Enhance the relationship between national and international markets. Ensure that the agricultural market uses scarce resources most efficiently. Non-tariff barriers are replaced by tariffs providing mostly the same protection. Tariff barriers to trade are to be reduced by WTO member-states. The following conditions hold ads per the reduction of tariff barriers: An average reduction of 36% by developed countries with a minimum tariff line reduction of 15 % over six years. An average reduction of 24% by developing countries with a minimum tariff line reduction of 10% over ten years. Least developed countries are not required to reduce their tariff but they have to apply the tariffication process, that is, to convert their non-tariff barriers to tariffs or to bind their tariffs to a certain leve l that could not be exceeded in the future. Domestic support The Agreement on Agriculture has structured domestic support in favour of agricultural producers. The Agreement has controlled subsidies by using three categories of domestic support: a Green box, an Amber box and a Blue box. Green Box The Green box contains measures having no or limited disrupting effect on trade. Example of Green Box measures could be general government services in peat control or direct payments to producers decoupled from production. Amber Box The Amber box contains policies through which governments agreed to reduce domestic support but not to eliminate them. Amber box policies are viewed as having negative impact on trade. One example of such a measure could be when a government assures to buy at a guaranteed price from agricultural producers. Blue Box The Blue box contains measures whereby support can be increased without limit. However, the payment of these subsidies should be related to programs to limit production. Export Subsidies The third pillar of the Agreement on Agriculture is export subsidies. This measure required the developed countries to reduce the value of their export subsidies by 36% (taking the 1986-90 as base period). The policy also required the developed countries to reduce the quantity of subsidised export goods by 21% over six years. As regards to the developing countries, the agreement stipulates that their reduction would be two-thirds those of the developed countries over a period of ten years. There are no reductions being applied to the least-developed countries. Criticisms There have been lots of criticisms which have been raised as regards to the Agricultural Agreement. In general, the agreement has been criticised for having favoured the developed countries. The measures of the agreement have been a curse rather than a benefit to developing countries. Dumping Global agricultural businesses based in the United States and the European Union have caused great harm to the global agricultural trade by selling agricultural products below their cost of production. Farmers in developing countries could therefore not compete with those businesses in the US and the EU. The US agriculture is supported by massive and unsustainable expenditures. Through the domestic support programmes from the US government, US agricultural businesses are able to export their products at less than the cost of production. As a result, the farmers from developing countries cannot compete with these dumped products. Another factor that contributes to dumping is export subsidies. Despite reforms, the EU agriculture still relies on export subsidies on products like poultry and beef. The excess production of these products is dumped in world markets creating a surplus which brings down the world price. This causes a lot of damage to producers of the developing countries. Continued protectionism The main de veloped countries still maintain a high degree of protectionism to their local producers. For example, in the European Community, the tariffication process has led to high tariffs. Some industrialised countries have reduced export subsidies but have replaced them by decoupled direct payments: not a major change. The Agricultural Agreement has been unable to prevent countries like the United States from increasing domestic support. Indeed, in 1998 to 2001 the US has set up four successive packages of market loss aid payments. The use of measures such as decoupled direct payments is a flawed concept. In reality, it is not realistic to argue that payments to agricultural producers have no or minimal effect on production and trade. The Agricultural Agreement did not bring a major change in the trade policies of developing countries. Domestic support and export subsidies were already at a low level in these countries. Erosion of trade preferences The Agreement on Agriculture has undermined a lot of preferences for the developing countries. These countries rely on preferential market access agreements on agricultural trade in order to sustain their exports in the agricultural sector of the economy. The measures of the agreement have led to the erosion of these preferences. Thus, many developing countries have faced tremendous difficulties in agricultural trade and have experienced major economic dislocation. An example is Mauritius. Mauritius has lost its trade preferences which greatly helped the export of its sugar and had to go through major economic reform. Another example is Guyana which greatly relies on its export of rice.